Engineering networks for synchronization, CCS 7, and ISDN : standards, protocols, planning, and testing / P.K. Bhatnagar.

By: Bhatnagar, P. K, 1948-.

Contributor(s): IEEE Communications Society .

Material type: materialTypeLabel

BookSeries: Telecommunications handbook series: Publisher: New York : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1997Description: xxi, 488 p. : ill. ; 26 cm.ISBN: 0780311582.Subject(s): Synchronous data transmission systems

DDC classification: 621.382

Holdings
Item type	Current library	Call number	Copy number	Status	Date due	Barcode	Item holds
General Lending	MTU Bishopstown Library Lending	621.382 (Browse shelf(Opens below))	1	Available		00086315

Total holds: 0

Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

In view of the extensive development of CCS 7 and fast-paced growth of ISDN in telecommunication networks throughout the world, this valuable resource serves as a timely reference and guide. Practical and up-to-date, Engineering Networks for Synchronization, CCS 7, and ISDN provides in-depth instruction on three important and closely related elements of the modern digital network: network synchronization, CCITT Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 (CCS 7), and Narrowband ISDN.

"IEEE Communications Society, sponsor.".

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

Series Editor's Note (p. xvii)
Foreword (p. xix)
Preface (p. xxi)
Chapter 1 Introduction (p. 1)
Chapter 2 Digital Network Synchronization: Basic Concepts (p. 6)
2.1 Introduction (p. 7)
2.2 The Concept of a Slip (p. 8)
2.3 Aligners for Terminating Digital Links (p. 9)
2.4 Timing Impairments: Jitter and Wander (p. 11)
2.4.1 Jitter (p. 11)
2.4.2 Wander (p. 12)
2.5 Impact of Slips (p. 12)
2.6 Network Performance Objectives for Slip Control (p. 13)
2.7 Parameters Linked to Clock Behavior (p. 15)
2.7.1 Frequency Accuracy and Stability (p. 15)
2.7.2 Time Interval Error (TIE) and Maximum Time Interval Error (MTIE) (p. 17)
2.8 Atomic and Quartz Clocks (p. 17)
2.8.1 The Cesium Beam Frequency Standard (p. 19)
2.8.2 Quartz Clocks (p. 21)
2.9 Synchronization Methods (p. 21)
2.9.1 Plesiochronous Mode (p. 21)
2.9.2 Synchronous Mode (p. 23)
2.10 Primary Reference Source (PRS) (p. 25)
2.10.1 Primary Reference Source (PRS) Specification (p. 25)
2.10.1.1 Frequency Accuracy (p. 25)
2.10.1.2 Phase Discontinuity (Phase Hits) (p. 25)
2.10.1.3 Long-Term Phase Variations (p. 26)
2.10.2 Typical Configurations for the Primary Reference Source (p. 28)
2.11 PRS Implementation in Telecommunication Networks (p. 29)
2.12 Synchronization Equipment at Slave Nodes (p. 29)
2.13 Specification of Slave Clocks (p. 31)
2.13.1 Free-Run Accuracy, Holdover Stability, and Pull-In Range (p. 31)
2.13.2 Maximum Relative Time Interval Error (MRTIE) (p. 31)
2.13.3 Phase Discontinuity (p. 33)
2.14 Jitter and Wander Specifications for Digital Networks (p. 35)
2.14.1 Permissible Wander at the Output (p. 37)
2.14.2 Permissible Jitter at the Output (p. 37)
2.14.3 Jitter and Wander Tolerance at Input Ports (p. 37)
2.15 Wander Model for the Synchronized Network (p. 39)
2.16 Remarks (p. 39)
References (p. 40)
Chapter 3 Planning, Testing, and Monitoring Network Synchronization (p. 42)
3.1 Introduction (p. 43)
3.2 Network Synchronization Planning (p. 43)
3.2.1 Primary Reference Source (PRS) Timing (p. 43)
3.2.1.1 Considerations for Implementation of an Autonomous PRS (p. 44)
3.2.1.2 Considerations for Implementation of a Nonautonomous PRS (p. 45)
3.2.2 Transport of Reference Timing between Network Nodes (p. 46)
3.2.2.1 Criteria for Selection and Prioritization (p. 46)
3.2.3 Intrabuilding Timing Distribution in the U.S. Network (p. 47)
3.2.4 Avoidance of Timing Loops (p. 50)
3.3 Testing and Validation (p. 52)
3.3.1 Tests on Free-Running Clocks (p. 53)
3.3.2 Tests for Synchronized Unstressed Operation (p. 53)
3.3.3 Tests for Synchronized Stressed Operation (p. 54)
3.3.4 Holdover Mode Testing (p. 55)
3.3.5 Tests Prescribed for the U.S. Network (p. 55)
3.4 Monitoring Network Synchronization (p. 56)
3.5 Remarks (p. 57)
References (p. 57)
Chapter 4 CCS 7: General Description (p. 59)
4.1 Introduction (p. 60)
4.2 Principles and Terminology (p. 61)
4.3 Pros and Cons: CCS 7 versus Channel-Associated Signaling (CAS) (p. 65)
4.4 Organization of Signaling Information (p. 67)
4.5 Layered Approach in CCS 7 (p. 68)
4.6 The Message Transfer Part (MTP) (p. 71)
4.6.1 Signaling Data Link (Level 1) (p. 71)
4.6.2 Signaling Link Functions (Level 2) (p. 71)
4.6.3 Signaling Network Functions (Level 3) (p. 72)
4.7 User Parts (p. 74)
4.7.1 ISDN User Part (ISUP) (p. 74)
4.7.2 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) (p. 77)
4.7.2.1 Enhanced Addressing Capability (p. 78)
4.7.2.2 Connectionless and Connection-Oriented Services (p. 78)
4.8 CCS 7 Numbering and Network Structure (p. 80)
4.8.1 CCS 7 Numbering (p. 80)
4.8.2 CCS 7 Performance Objectives (p. 81)
4.9 Remarks (p. 82)
References (p. 82)
Chapter 5 Introduction to ISDN (p. 88)
5.1 Introduction (p. 89)
5.2 Customer Premises in the ISDN (p. 91)
5.3 Protocol Architecture in the ISDN (p. 93)
5.4 Physical Layer in Basic Access (p. 95)
5.4.1 Wiring Arrangement (p. 95)
5.4.2 Power Feeding (p. 98)
5.4.2.1 Powering of Terminals Across the Interface (p. 98)
5.4.2.2 TEs Powered Locally (p. 102)
5.4.3 Data Transport between NT and TEs (p. 102)
5.4.3.1 Coding (p. 102)
5.4.3.2 Framing (p. 103)
5.4.3.3 Multiframing: M Bit (p. 106)
5.4.3.4 Resolving D-Channel Access: E Bit (p. 106)
5.4.3.5 Activation and Deactivation of Terminals and the NT (p. 107)
5.4.4 Timing Aspects (p. 111)
5.4.5 Electrical Characteristics (p. 111)
5.4.6 Line Transmission and Coding for Basic Access (p. 114)
5.4.7 Frames and Multiframes on the Digital Subscriber loop (DSL) (p. 117)
5.4.8 Start-Up Procedure (p. 118)
5.5 Primary Rate ISDN (p. 121)
References (p. 121)
Chapter 6 Functions of the CCS 7 Signaling Link Level (p. 122)
6.1 Introduction (p. 122)
6.2 Signal Unit Formats (p. 124)
6.3 Signal Unit Delimitation (p. 125)
6.4 Signal Unit Alignment (p. 126)
6.5 Error Detection (p. 126)
6.6 Error Correction (p. 127)
6.6.1 Basic Method (p. 127)
6.6.1.1 Positive Acknowledgment (p. 128)
6.6.1.2 Negative Acknowledgment (p. 129)
6.6.2 Preventive Cyclic Retransmission (PCR) Method (p. 130)
6.6.3 Criteria for Selection: Basic versus Preventive Cyclic Retransmission (PCR) (p. 131)
6.7 Initial Alignment Procedure (p. 131)
6.8 Processor Outage (p. 135)
6.9 Error Rate Monitoring (p. 136)
6.9.1 Signal Unit Error Rate Monitor (SUERM) (p. 136)
6.9.2 Alignment Error Rate Monitor (AERM) (p. 137)
6.10 Flow Control (p. 138)
6.11 Remarks (p. 139)
References (p. 139)
Chapter 7 Signaling Network Functions in CCS 7 (p. 140)
7.1 Introduction (p. 141)
7.2 Level 3 Message Format (p. 142)
7.2.1 Service Information Octet (SIO) (p. 144)
7.2.2 The Routing Label (p. 146)
7.3 Signaling Message Handling (p. 147)
7.3.1 Message Discrimination and Message Distribution Functions (p. 147)
7.3.2 Message Routing Function (p. 148)
7.3.3 Load Sharing (p. 149)
7.3.3.1 Load Sharing in the U.S. Network (p. 152)
7.4 Signaling Network Management (p. 154)
7.5 Signaling Link Management (p. 154)
7.5.1 Signaling Data Link and Signaling Terminal Allocation (p. 155)
7.5.2 Signaling Link Activation (p. 157)
7.5.3 Signaling Link Restoration (p. 157)
7.5.4 Signaling Link Deactivation (p. 158)
7.5.5 Signaling Link Set Activation (p. 158)
7.6 Signaling Traffic and Signaling Route Management (p. 159)
7.6.1 Changeover (p. 159)
7.6.1.1 Emergency Changeover (p. 162)
7.6.1.2 Time-Controlled Changeover (p. 163)
7.6.2 Changeback (p. 163)
7.6.3 Transfer Prohibited (p. 164)
7.6.4 Response to Transfer Prohibited: Forced Rerouting (p. 166)
7.6.5 Transfer Restricted (p. 166)
7.6.6 Transfer Allowed (p. 167)
7.6.7 Response to Transfer Allowed: Controlled Rerouting (p. 167)
7.6.8 Signaling Route Set Test (p. 168)
7.6.9 Management Inhibiting (p. 168)
7.6.10 Message Transfer Part (MTP) Restart (p. 171)
7.6.10.1 Actions at a Node Adjacent to the Restarting Node (p. 173)
7.6.11 Signaling Traffic Flow Control (p. 174)
7.6.11.1 Signaling Link Congestion (p. 174)
7.6.12 Signaling Route Set Congestion (p. 177)
7.7 Summary of Level 3 Timers (p. 179)
References (p. 180)
Chapter 8 ISDN: Services and Protocols (p. 181)
8.1 Introduction (p. 182)
8.2 ISDN Services (p. 182)
8.3 ISDN Bearer Services (p. 183)
8.3.1 Information Transfer Attributes (p. 184)
8.3.2 Access Attributes and General Attributes (p. 186)
8.3.3 Bearer Service Categories (p. 187)
8.3.3.1 64 kbps Unrestricted, 8 kHz Structured Bearer Service Category (p. 188)
8.3.3.2 64 kbps, 8 kHz Structured Bearer Service Category Usable for Speech Information Transfer (p. 189)
8.3.3.3 Circuit Mode 64 kbps, 8 kHz Structured Bearer Service Category Usable for 3.1 kHz Audio Information Transfer (p. 189)
8.3.3.4 Alternate Speech/64 kbps Unrestricted, 8 kHz Structured Bearer Service Category (p. 189)
8.3.3.5 2 x 64 kbps Unrestricted, 8 kHz Structured Bearer Service Category (p. 190)
8.3.3.6 Other Multirate Bearer Services (p. 190)
8.3.3.7 64 kbps, 8 kHz Structured Multiuse Bearer Service Category (p. 190)
8.3.3.8 Multirate Unrestricted 8 kHz Structured Bearer Service Category (p. 190)
8.4 ISDN Teleservices (p. 191)
8.5 ISDN Supplementary Services (p. 192)
8.5.1 Number Identification Supplementary Services (p. 193)
8.5.1.1 Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP) (p. 193)
8.5.1.2 Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR) (p. 193)
8.5.1.3 Connected Line Identification Presentation (COLP) (p. 194)
8.5.1.4 Connected Line Identification Restriction (COLR) (p. 194)
8.5.1.5 Direct Inward Dialing Service (p. 194)
8.5.1.6 Multiple Subscriber Number (MSN) Supplementary Service (p. 195)
8.5.1.7 Malicious Call Identification (MCID) Supplementary Services (p. 195)
8.5.1.8 Subaddressing Supplementary Services (p. 195)
8.5.2 Call Offering Supplementary Services (p. 195)
8.5.2.1 Call Transfer (CT) (p. 196)
8.5.2.2 Call Forwarding Services (p. 197)
8.5.2.3 Call Deflection (CD) (p. 198)
8.5.2.4 Line Hunting (LH) (p. 199)
8.5.3 Call Completion Supplementary Services (p. 199)
8.5.3.1 Call Waiting (CW) (p. 199)
8.5.3.2 Call Hold (HOLD) (p. 200)
8.5.3.3 Completion of Calls to Busy Subscribers (CCBS) (p. 201)
8.5.3.4 Terminal Portability (p. 201)
8.5.4 Multiparty Supplementary Services (p. 201)
8.5.4.1 Conference Calling (CONF) (p. 201)
8.5.4.2 Three-Party Supplementary Service (p. 202)
8.5.5 Community of Interest Supplementary Services (p. 202)
8.5.5.1 Closed User Group (CUG) (p. 203)
8.5.5.2 Private Numbering Plan (PNP) (p. 203)
8.5.5.3 Multilevel Precedence and Preemption Service (MLPP) (p. 203)
8.5.5.4 Priority Service (p. 204)
8.5.5.5 Outgoing Call Barring (p. 204)
8.5.6 Charging Supplementary Services (p. 205)
8.5.6.1 Credit Card Calling (CRED) (p. 205)
8.5.6.2 Advice of Charge (AOC) (p. 205)
8.5.6.3 Reverse Charging (p. 205)
8.5.7 Additional Information Transfer (p. 206)
8.5.7.1 User-to-User Signaling (p. 206)
8.6 International and European Standards on Supplementary Services (p. 206)
8.7 Mutual Interaction between Supplementary Services (p. 20)
8.8 Link Access Procedure in D-Channel (LAPD) (p. 209)
8.8.1 Services Provided by Layer 2 (p. 212)
8.8.2 Frame Format (p. 213)
8.8.3 Functions Performed by Layer 2 (p. 214)
8.8.3.1 Delimitation Function: Opening and Closing Flags (p. 214)
8.8.3.2 Error Detection (p. 215)
8.8.3.3 Address Field: Multiplexing Logical Data Links (p. 215)
8.8.3.4 The Control Field: Frame Types, Sequencing, Error Correction, and Flow Control (p. 216)
8.8.4 Terminal Endpoint Identifier (TEI) Management (p. 220)
8.8.4.1 TEI Assignment Procedure (p. 220)
8.8.4.2 TEI Check Procedure (p. 223)
8.8.4.3 TEI Removal Procedure (p. 224)
8.8.4.4 TEI Identity Verify Procedure (p. 225)
8.8.5 Multiple Frame Operation Procedure (p. 225)
8.8.5.1 Establishing a Data Link Connection (p. 225)
8.8.5.2 Multiple Frame Transfer between Data Link Entities (p. 226)
8.8.5.3 Disconnection of Data Link (p. 228)
8.8.6 Summary of Layer 2 Timers and Associated Parameters (p. 228)
8.9 Layer 3 Protocol in Digital Subscriber Signaling System 1 (DSS 1) (p. 229)
8.9.1 Format of Layer 3 Messages (p. 230)
8.9.1.1 Protocol Discriminator (p. 231)
8.9.1.2 Call Reference (p. 231)
8.9.1.3 Message Type (p. 232)
8.9.2 Message Specific Part: Information Elements (p. 236)
8.9.3 Basic Call Control Procedure (p. 236)
8.9.3.1 Call Establishment at the Originating ISDN Interface (p. 236)
8.9.3.2 Call Establishment at the Destination ISDN Access (p. 245)
8.9.3.3 Call Clearing (p. 247)
8.9.4 Control of ISDN Supplementary Services (p. 248)
8.9.4.1 Control Procedure for the Call Hold Supplementary Service (p. 250)
8.10 Remarks (p. 252)
References (p. 252)
Chapter 9 CCS 7 ISDN User Part (p. 263)
9.1 Introduction (p. 264)
9.2 ISUP Message Format (p. 264)
9.3 ISUP Signaling Procedures for Basic Call Control (p. 267)
9.3.1 Basic Call Control for En Bloc Signaling (p. 267)
9.3.1.1 Connection Setup (p. 267)
9.3.1.2 Connection Release (p. 279)
9.3.2 Basic Call Control for Overlap Signaling (p. 282)
9.4 Continuity Check (CC) (p. 284)
9.5 Supervision of Speech/Data Circuits by ISUP (p. 287)
9.5.1 Circuit Group Query (p. 287)
9.5.2 Blocking and Unblocking of Circuits or Circuit Groups (p. 289)
9.5.2.1 Blocking of Circuits (p. 290)
9.5.2.2 Unblocking of Circuits (p. 291)
9.5.3 Blocking and Unblocking of Circuit Groups (p. 292)
9.5.4 Reset of Circuits and Circuit Groups (p. 293)
9.6 Treatment of Abnormal Conditions (p. 294)
9.6.1 Dual Seizures (p. 294)
9.6.2 Errored, Unexpected, or Unrecognized Messages (p. 295)
9.6.2.1 Actions for Errored Messages (p. 296)
9.6.2.2 Actions for Unexpected Messages (p. 296)
9.6.2.3 Actions for Unrecognized Messages (p. 297)
9.6.2.4 Actions for Unrecognized Parameters (p. 300)
9.6.2.5 Actions for Unrecognized Parameter Values (p. 301)
9.6.3 Unequipped Circuit Identification Code (p. 301)
9.6.4 ISDN User Part Unavailable (p. 302)
9.7 Congestion Control (p. 303)
9.7.1 ISUP Signaling Congestion Control (p. 304)
9.7.2 Automatic Congestion Control (ACC) (Calling Traffic Overload Control) (p. 304)
9.7.3 Temporary Trunk Blocking (p. 305)
9.8 ISUP Call Setup for Supplementary Services (p. 306)
9.8.1 ISUP Procedure for Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP) (p. 306)
9.8.2 Malicious Call Identification (MCID) Supplementary Service (p. 310)
9.9 Remarks (p. 312)
References (p. 312)
Chapter 10 CCS 7 Planning and Implementation (p. 314)
10.1 Introduction (p. 315)
10.2 Performance Objectives (p. 315)
10.2.1 Hypothetical Signaling Reference Connection (HSRC) (p. 316)
10.2.2 Signaling Delays (p. 317)
10.2.3 Message Transfer Part (MTP) Performance (p. 319)
10.2.3.1 Availability Objective (p. 319)
10.2.3.2 Dependability Objective (p. 320)
10.2.3.3 Message Transfer Time (p. 321)
10.2.4 Performance Objectives for the ISUP (p. 326)
10.3 CCS 7 Network Structure (p. 326)
10.3.1 Mode of Signaling (p. 327)
10.3.2 U.S. Signaling Network Structure (p. 330)
10.3.3 Signaling Point Code (p. 332)
10.3.3.1 Structured versus Structureless Point Code (p. 333)
10.3.3.2 Numbering of Point Codes in the U.S. Network (p. 334)
10.3.4 Dimensioning of Signaling Link Load (p. 335)
10.4 Implementation Planning for CCS 7 (p. 338)
10.4.1 CCS 7 Planning Tools (p. 340)
10.5 Selection of User Parts: Telephone User Part (TUP) versus ISDN User Part (ISUP) (p. 340)
10.6 Monitoring CCS 7 Networks (p. 342)
10.7 National CCS 7 Standards (p. 343)
10.8 Remarks (p. 346)
References (p. 346)
Chapter 11 Testing in CCS 7 (p. 348)
11.1 Introduction (p. 349)
11.2 Testing Equipment for CCS 7 (p. 350)
11.2.1 Monitoring Functions (p. 350)
11.2.2 Simulation Functions (p. 351)
11.3 On-Line Signaling Link Test Procedure (p. 352)
11.4 Validation and Compatibility Testing (p. 354)
11.4.1 Level 2 MTP Testing (p. 354)
11.4.1.1 Level 2 Test Examples (p. 355)
11.4.2 Level 3 Tests (p. 367)
11.4.2.1 Level 3 Test Examples (p. 368)
11.4.3 ISUP Testing (p. 380)
11.5 CCS 7 Testing during Testing of a Switching System (p. 387)
References (p. 389)
Chapter 12 Packet and Frame Mode Services in the ISDN (p. 391)
12.1 Introduction (p. 392)
12.2 Minimum Integration Scenario (p. 393)
12.3 Maximum Integration Scenario (p. 395)
12.3.1 Packet Calls on a B-Channel (p. 396)
12.3.2 Packet Calls on a D-Channel (p. 401)
12.4 ISDN Frame Mode Bearer Services (p. 402)
12.4.1 Frame Relay Services (p. 402)
12.4.2 Call Control for Frame Mode Connections (p. 407)
12.5 Remarks (p. 409)
References (p. 409)
Chapter 13 Planning and Implementing the ISDN (p. 411)
13.1 Introduction (p. 412)
13.2 Market and Policy-Related Issues (p. 413)
13.2.1 Assessment of ISDN Demand (p. 413)
13.2.2 Services Relevant to a Broad Base of Customers (p. 414)
13.2.3 Services and Applications for Specific User Categories (p. 415)
13.2.3.1 Telemedicine (p. 416)
13.2.3.2 Distance Education (p. 416)
13.2.3.3 Videoconferencing (p. 416)
13.2.4 Need for Collaborative Effort (p. 419)
13.2.5 Tariff Policy for the ISDN (p. 420)
13.2.6 ISDN Customer Premises Equipment (p. 422)
13.3 Technical and Network-Related Activities (p. 425)
13.3.1 Technical Plans (p. 425)
13.3.1.1 Numbering Plan (p. 425)
13.3.1.2 Routing Plan (p. 428)
13.3.2 Field Trials (p. 428)
13.3.3 ISDN Implementation Strategies (p. 429)
13.3.4 Switch Capacity Aspects (p. 430)
13.3.5 Quality of Service (QOS) and Performance Requirements (p. 431)
References (p. 432)
Chapter 14 Testing in the ISDN (p. 437)
14.1 Introduction (p. 438)
14.2 Layer 1 Tests (p. 438)
14.2.1 Testing of Network Termination (NT) (p. 441)
14.2.1.1 Test for Activation and Deactivation of Network Termination (NT) (p. 441)
14.2.1.2 Test on Framing (Frame Structure in the Network Termination to Terminal Equipment Direction) (p. 442)
14.2.1.3 Test on D-Channel Access (p. 442)
14.2.1.4 Test on Electrical Characteristics (p. 442)
14.2.1.5 Test on Timing (p. 443)
14.2.1.6 Test on Power Feeding (p. 443)
14.2.1.7 Other Tests (p. 444)
14.2.2 Testing of Terminal Equipment (p. 444)
14.2.3 Maintenance and Troubleshooting (p. 445)
14.3 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Tests (p. 447)
14.4 Maintenance of ISDN Access (p. 452)
References (p. 454)
Chapter 15 Timing in Sonet and SDH (p. 457)
15.1 Introduction (p. 457)
15.2 Sonet and SDH Frame Structures (p. 459)
15.2.1 Sonet Frame Structure (p. 459)
15.2.2 SDH Frame Structure (p. 464)
15.3 Network Synchronization in Sonet and SDH (p. 466)
15.3.1 Pointer Adjustments (p. 466)
15.3.2 Synchronization Network Reference Chain and Clock Quality in SDH (p. 469)
15.3.3 Synchronization Reference Distribution in Sonet (p. 472)
15.4 Remarks (p. 473)
References (p. 473)
Appendix 1 Ordering Information (p. 475)
Appendix 2 List of ISUP Messages (p. 477)
Index (p. 479)
About the Author (p. 487)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

P.K. Bhatnagar is director of the Centre for Development of Telematics (CDOT) in New Delhi, India. He has 25 years of experience in diverse areas of telecommunications including research and development, teaching, testing, validation, network planning, and network operations. He has also served as International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT) consultant on several occasions. In his current assignment, he is responsible for the development of rural and urban digital switching systems and implementation of new features and services such as intelligent network services, ISDN, V 5.1/V 5.2 interfaces, and ATM.