Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

An indispensable working resource for anyone who performs liquid chromatography

The HPLC Solvent Guide provides an opportunity for analytical chemists to expand their experimental toolkits.

It features extensive and detailed coverage of HPLC solvents currently used in most laboratory settings. Over the course of seven chapters, each one focusing on a specific solvent class, the author provides all the practical information needed to develop separations using these solvent classes. A valuable working reference for experimentalists in a broad array of industrial and research fields, The HPLC Solvent Guide
* Divides solvents according to chemical class, then arranges the methods by field of application, and finally by groups of analytes
* Provides complete descriptions of separations, including sample matrices, lists of analytes separated and quantified, chromatographic parameters, and results
* Features tables listing individual solvents and their physical, chemical, and chromatographic properties; safety and health parameters; and availability, both in terms of supplier and performance specifications
* Includes figures that show the chemical structure of each solvent discussed

Solvent selection is perhaps the most commonly overlooked of experimental parameters in high-performance liquid chromatography. When performing separations, even the most experienced analytical chemist tends to select one of three solvents-acetonitrile, methanol, or water-overlooking the fact that many different classes of solvent can be used very effectively in HPLC. By providing extensive detailed coverage of HPLC solvents currently used in a wide range of separations, The HPLC Solvent Guide offers chemists an opportunity to expand their experimental repertoires.

The author begins with an in-depth review of the role of solvents in HPLC. This is followed by a series of chapters devoted to the different classes of solvent. To facilitate easy reference, chapters are first grouped by solvent classes, including alcohols, alkanes, ethers, ketones, and nitriles. They are then further divided by field of application (e.g., environmental, pharmaceutical) and by specific analyte class (e.g., priority pollutants, anticancer drugs). Throughout, each separation is described as fully as possible, listing the sample matrix, analytes separated and quantified, chromatographic parameters used, and abbreviated results. As a consequence, even novice chromatographers have sufficient information to begin to develop a separation on the basis of a citation alone.

Appealing to anyone doing HPLC are the four tables appearing in each of the seven chapters dealing with individual solvent classes. These tables list physical, chemical, and chromatographic properties; safety and health parameters; and availability, both in terms of supplier and performance specifications. A separate table provides the chemical structures of the solvents presented in each chapter.

In writing this book, the author has drawn heavily from contemporary references in which the chromatograms for described separations were included, thus providing readers with clear reference points from which to conduct a more extensive historical literature review, if needed.

Providing the most detailed treatment of HPLC solvents to date, The HPLC Solvent Guide is a valuable working resource for anyone who performs liquid chromatography.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Preface (p. xiii)
• Introduction (p. xv)
• Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols (p. xvii)
• Chapter 1 Physical and Chemical Solvent Properties (p. 1)
• 1.1 UV Cutoff (p. 2)
• 1.2 Absorbance Versus Wavelength Curves (p. 3)
• 1.3 Reversed-Phase Solvents (p. 5)
• 1.3.1 Mobile Phases and Mobile Phase Modifiers (p. 9)
• 1.4 Normal-Phase Solvents (p. 11)
• 1.5 System Peaks (p. 14)
• 1.6 Lot-to-lot Solvent Variability (p. 16)
• 1.7 Viscosity (p. 19)
• 1.8 Miscibility and Solubility (p. 22)
• 1.9 Buffers and Other Mobile Phase Additives (p. 25)
• 1.10 Volatility (p. 29)
• 1.11 Solvents: Instability, Reactivity, and Denaturants (p. 31)
• 1.11.1 Ethers (p. 32)
• 1.11.2 Chlorinated Alkanes (p. 34)
• 1.11.3 Ethanol (p. 36)
• 1.11.4 Water (p. 36)
• 1.11.5 Acetone (p. 38)
• 1.12 Sample Stability in Solvents (p. 39)
• 1.13 Mobile Phase Interaction with Stationary Phase (p. 40)
• 1.14 Inherent Contaminants (p. 41)
• 1.15 Solvent Effects on Fluorescence (p. 42)
• 1.16 Particulates and Solvent Filtering (p. 43)
• 1.17 Manufacturers and Testing Protocols (p. 44)
• Chapter 2 Method Optimization (p. 45)
• 2.1 Eluotropic Series and Solvent Strength Parameters (p. 46)
• 2.1.1 Eluotropic Series (p. 46)
• 2.1.2 Solvent Strength Parameters (p. 49)
• 2.1.3 Mathematical Representation of Solvent Strength (p. 52)
• 2.2 Triangulation and Other Algorithmic Methods (p. 53)
• 2.3 Scout Gradients (p. 58)
• 2.4 Window Diagrams (p. 60)
• 2.5 Brute-force Method (p. 60)
• 2.6 Other Optimization Techniques and Retention Parameters (p. 61)
• Chapter 3 Method Validation and Ongoing Performance Evaluation (p. 63)
• 3.1 Qualification Process (p. 64)
• 3.1.1 Instrument Qualification (p. 64)
• 3.1.2 Design Qualification (p. 65)
• 3.1.3 Installation Qualification (p. 65)
• 3.1.4 Operational Qualification (p. 66)
• 3.1.5 Performance Qualification (p. 66)
• 3.2 Method Validation (p. 67)
• 3.2.1 Accuracy (p. 68)
• 3.2.2 Precision (p. 68)
• 3.2.3 Linearity (p. 69)
• 3.2.4 Linear and Working Ranges (p. 71)
• 3.2.5 Specificity (p. 72)
• 3.2.6 Detection and Quantitation Limit (p. 72)
• 3.2.7 Robustness (p. 73)
• 3.2.8 Ruggedness (p. 73)
• 3.3 System Suitability (p. 74)
• Chapter 4 Alcohols (p. 75)
• 4.1 Impurities (p. 81)
• 4.2 General Analytes (p. 82)
• 4.2.1 Simple Substituted Benzene Analytes (p. 82)
• 4.2.2 Other Organic Compounds (p. 89)
• 4.2.3 Organometallic Compounds and Metal-Ligand Complexes (p. 93)
• 4.2.4 Summary (p. 96)
• 4.3 Environmentally Important Analytes (p. 96)
• 4.3.1 PAHs, Substituted PAHs, and Related Analytes (p. 96)
• 4.3.2 Nitrated and Chlorinated Nonpesticide/Herbicide Pollutant Analytes (p. 100)
• 4.3.3 Pesticides, Herbicide, and Fungicides (p. 103)
• 4.3.3.1 Pesticides (p. 103)
• 4.3.3.2 Herbicides (p. 108)
• 4.3.3.3 Fungicides (p. 111)
• 4.3.4 Summary (p. 113)
• 4.4 Industrial and Polymer Analytes (p. 113)
• 4.4.1 Surfactant and Additive Analytes (p. 113)
• 4.4.2 Polymers and Polymer Additives (p. 115)
• 4.4.3 Sunscreen Agents (p. 118)
• 4.4.4 Dyes (p. 120)
• 4.4.5 Other Industrial Analytes (p. 123)
• 4.4.6 Summary (p. 124)
• 4.5 Biological Analytes (p. 124)
• 4.5.1 Carboxylic Acid Analytes (p. 124)
• 4.5.2 Basic Amine Analytes (p. 130)
• 4.5.3 Aflatoxins, Mycotoxins, and Other Toxic Analytes (p. 133)
• 4.5.4 Vitamins and Related Analytes (p. 139)
• 4.5.4.1 Water-soluble Vitamins and Related Compounds (p. 139)
• 4.5.4.2 Fat-soluble Vitamins and Related Compounds (p. 140)
• 4.5.5 Terpenoids, Flavonoids, and Related Compounds (p. 148)
• 4.5.5.1 Terpenoids (p. 148)
• 4.5.5.2 Flavanoids (p. 151)
• 4.5.5.3 Caffeine and Related Compounds (p. 153)
• 4.5.5.4 Other Compounds (p. 155)
• 4.5.6 Analytes Derived from Oils and Fats (p. 169)
• 4.5.7 Nucleotides, Nucleosides, and Related Analytes (p. 171)
• 4.5.8 Other Analytes (p. 174)
• 4.5.9 Summary (p. 178)
• 4.6 Amino Acid, Peptide, and Protein Analytes (p. 178)
• 4.6.1 Amino Acid Analytes (p. 178)
• 4.6.2 Peptide Analytes (p. 180)
• 4.6.3 Protein Analytes (p. 181)
• 4.6.4 Summary (p. 184)
• 4.7 Pharmaceutical Analytes (p. 184)
• 4.7.1 Drug Surveys and Screening Procedures (p. 184)
• 4.7.2 Retention Mechanisms for Drug Compounds (p. 186)
• 4.7.3 NSAIDs and Analgesic Drugs (p. 187)
• 4.7.4 Antibiotic Drugs (p. 189)
• 4.7.5 Anticancer Drugs (p. 192)
• 4.7.6 Antiepileptic Drugs (p. 195)
• 4.7.7 Steroidal Drugs (p. 196)
• 4.7.8 Anthelmintics (p. 198)
• 4.7.9 Illicit Drugs (p. 199)
• 4.7.10 Antihistamines (p. 201)
• 4.7.11 Anti-HIV Drugs (p. 202)
• 4.7.12 Antianxiety and Antipsychotic Drugs (p. 202)
• 4.7.13 Other Drug Analytes (p. 204)
• 4.7.14 Summary (p. 213)
• Chapter 5 Alkanes and Alkyl Aromatics (p. 214)
• 5.1 Impurities (p. 216)
• 5.2 General Analytes (p. 221)
• 5.2.1 Simple Substituted Aromatic Analytes (p. 221)
• 5.2.2 Organometallics and Metal-Ligand Complexes (p. 226)
• 5.2.3 Summary (p. 227)
• 5.3 Environmentally Important Analytes (p. 227)
• 5.3.1 PAHs, Substituted PAHs, and Related Analytes (p. 227)
• 5.3.2 Nitrated and Chlorinated Nonpesticide/herbicide Pollutant Analytes (p. 230)
• 5.3.3 Pesticide, Herbicide, and Fungicide Analytes (p. 231)
• 5.3.4 Summary (p. 233)
• 5.4 Industrial and Polymer Analytes (p. 233)
• 5.4.1 Surfactant and Additive Analytes (p. 233)
• 5.4.2 Other Polymeric Analytes (p. 235)
• 5.4.3 Fullerenes (p. 236)
• 5.4.4 Summary (p. 237)
• 5.5 Biological Analytes (p. 238)
• 5.5.1 Carboxylic Acid Analytes (p. 238)
• 5.5.2 Vitamins and Related Analytes (p. 239)
• 5.5.3 Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Steroids, and Related Compounds (p. 242)
• 5.5.4 Analytes Derived from Oils and Fats (p. 244)
• 5.5.5 Other Analytes (p. 248)
• 5.5.6 Summary (p. 250)
• 5.6 Amino Acid and Peptide Analytes (p. 250)
• 5.6.1 Summary (p. 250)
• 5.7 Pharmaceutical Analytes (p. 252)
• 5.7.1 Cardiac Glycosides (p. 252)
• 5.7.2 NSAIDs and Analgesic Drugs (p. 253)
• 5.7.3 Benzodiazepines (p. 253)
• 5.7.4 Other Analytes (p. 254)
• 5.7.5 Summary (p. 257)
• Chapter 6 Chlorinated Alkanes and Chlorinated Benzenes (p. 258)
• 6.1 Impurities (p. 260)
• 6.2 General Analytes (p. 266)
• 6.2.1 Simple Substituted Benzene Analytes (p. 266)
• 6.2.2 Organometallics and Metal-Ligand Complexes (p. 269)
• 6.2.3 Summary (p. 269)
• 6.3 Environmentally Important Analytes (p. 269)
• 6.3.1 PAHs, Substituted PAHs, and Related Analytes (p. 269)
• 6.3.2 Nitrated and Chlorinated Nonpesticide/herbicide Analytes (p. 271)
• 6.3.3 Pesticide and Herbicide Analytes (p. 271)
• 6.3.4 Summary (p. 272)
• 6.4 Industrial and Polymer Analytes (p. 272)
• 6.4.1 Surfactant and Additive Analytes (p. 272)
• 6.4.2 Polymeric Analytes (p. 273)
• 6.4.3 Fullerenes (p. 274)
• 6.4.4 Summary (p. 275)
• 6.5 Biological Analytes (p. 275)
• 6.5.1 Carboxylic Acid Analytes (p. 275)
• 6.5.2 Vitamins and Related Analytes (p. 275)
• 6.5.3 Analytes from Fats and Oils (p. 277)
• 6.5.4 Other Analytes (p. 278)
• 6.5.5 Summary (p. 280)
• 6.6 Amino Acid and Peptide Analytes (p. 280)
• 6.7 Pharmaceutical Analytes (p. 281)
• Chapter 7 Ethers (p. 285)
• 7.1 Impurities (p. 287)
• 7.2 General Analytes (p. 288)
• 7.2.1 Simple Substituted Benzenes and Related Analytes (p. 288)
• 7.3 Environmentally Important Analytes (p. 291)
• 7.3.1 PAHs, Substituted PAHs, and Related Analytes (p. 291)
• 7.3.2 Pesticide and Herbicide Residue Analytes (p. 292)
• 7.4 Industrial and Polymer Analytes (p. 294)
• 7.4.1 Surfactant and Additive Analytes (p. 294)
• 7.4.2 Polymeric Analytes (p. 294)
• 7.4.3 Fullerenes and Other Industrial Analytes (p. 296)
• 7.5 Biological Analytes (p. 297)
• 7.5.1 Carboxylic Acid Analytes (p. 297)
• 7.5.2 Vitamins and Related Analytes (p. 298)
• 7.5.3 Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Steroids, and Related Analytes (p. 300)
• 7.5.4 Analytes Derived from Oils and Fats (p. 302)
• 7.5.5 Other Analytes (p. 303)
• 7.6 Amino Acid and Peptide Analytes (p. 305)
• 7.7 Pharmaceutical Analytes (p. 305)
• 7.7.1 Summary (p. 311)
• Chapter 8 Ketones and Esters (p. 312)
• 8.1 Impurities (p. 314)
• 8.2 General Analytes (p. 316)
• 8.3 Environmentally Important Analytes (p. 318)
• 8.4 Industrial and Polymer Analytes (p. 319)
• 8.5 Biological Analytes (p. 320)
• 8.6 Pharmaceutical Analytes (p. 325)
• Chapter 9 Nitriles and Nitrogenous Solvents (p. 327)
• 9.1 Impurities (p. 328)
• 9.2 General Analytes (p. 329)
• 9.2.1 General Sample Solvent Considerations (p. 329)
• 9.2.2 Simple Substituted Hydrocarbons and Benzene Analyte Retention Studies (p. 332)
• 9.2.3 Other Compounds (p. 337)
• 9.2.4 Organometallic and Metal-Ligand Complexes (p. 341)
• 9.2.5 Summary (p. 343)
• 9.3 Environmentally Important Analytes (p. 343)
• 9.3.1 Substitutes Benzenes and Related Analytes (p. 343)
• 9.3.2 PAHs, Substituted PAHs, and Related Analytes (p. 344)
• 9.3.3 Nitro-, Nitroso-, and Chlorinated Nonpesticide/Herbicide Pollutant Analytes (p. 348)
• 9.3.4 Pesticide, Herbicide, and Fungicide Analytes (p. 350)
• 9.3.4.1 Pesticides (p. 350)
• 9.3.4.2 Herbicides (p. 363)
• 9.3.4.3 Fungicides (p. 368)
• 9.3.5 Summary (p. 369)
• 9.4 Industrial and Polymer Analytes (p. 370)
• 9.4.1 Surfactant and Additive Analytes (p. 370)
• 9.4.2 Polymeric Analytes (p. 373)
• 9.4.3 Dyes and Related Analytes (p. 375)
• 9.4.4 Other Industrial Analytes (p. 378)
• 9.4.5 Personal Care and Cosmetic Analytes (p. 379)
• 9.4.6 Summary (p. 380)
• 9.5 Biological Analytes (p. 381)
• 9.5.1 Carboxylic Acid Analytes (p. 381)
• 9.5.2 Basic Amine Analytes (p. 387)
• 9.5.3 Aflatoxins, Mycotoxins, and Other Toxic Analytes (p. 395)
• 9.5.4 Vitamins and Related Analytes (p. 401)
• 9.5.4.1 Water-soluble Vitamins and Related Compounds (p. 401)
• 9.5.4.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Related Compounds (p. 402)
• 9.5.5 Terpenoids, Flavonoids, and Other Naturally Occurring Analytes (p. 405)
• 9.5.5.1 Terpenoids (p. 405)
• 9.5.5.2 Flavanoids and Related Compounds (p. 408)
• 9.5.5.3 Alkaloids and Related Compounds (p. 418)
• 9.5.5.4 Fats, Oils, and Related Analytes (p. 425)
• 9.5.6 Nucleotides, Nucleosides, and Related Analytes (p. 428)
• 9.5.7 Sugars and Related Analytes (p. 430)
• 9.5.8 Other Analytes (p. 433)
• 9.5.9 Summary (p. 450)
• 9.6 Amino Acid, Peptide, and Protein Analytes (p. 450)
• 9.6.1 Amino Acid Analytes (p. 450)
• 9.6.2 Peptide Analytes (p. 452)
• 9.6.3 Protein Analytes (p. 457)
• 9.6.4 Summary (p. 459)
• 9.7 Pharmaceutical Analytes (p. 459)
• 9.7.1 Drug Surveys and Screening Procedures (p. 459)
• 9.7.2 NSAIDs and Analgesic Drugs (p. 460)
• 9.7.3 Antibiotic Drugs (p. 464)
• 9.7.4 Anticancer Drugs (p. 476)
• 9.7.5 Antiepileptic Drugs (p. 482)
• 9.7.6 Anthelmintics (p. 485)
• 9.7.7 Illicit and Related Drugs (p. 487)
• 9.7.8 Antihistamines (p. 490)
• 9.7.9 Antiretroviral Drugs (p. 492)
• 9.7.10 Antidepressants (p. 496)
• 9.7.11 Antibacterial Drugs (p. 499)
• 9.7.12 Anesthetics (p. 503)
• 9.7.13 Immunosuppressants (p. 504)
• 9.7.14 Analgesics (p. 505)
• 9.7.15 Antihypercholesterolemic and Antihyperlipidemic Drugs (p. 506)
• 9.7.16 Antihypertension Drugs (p. 507)
• 9.7.17 Antimalarials (p. 511)
• 9.7.18 Steroids (p. 512)
• 9.7.19 Antipsychotics (p. 515)
• 9.7.20 Other Drug Analytes (p. 518)
• 9.8 Summary (p. 527)
• Chapter 10 Water, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Common Acidic Modifiers (p. 531)
• 10.1 General Considerations and Impurities (p. 531)
• 10.1.2 Solvent Preparation (p. 532)
• 10.2 Industrial Analytes (p. 535)
• 10.3 Biological Analytes (p. 538)
• 10.3.1 Carboxylic Acid Analytes (p. 539)
• 10.3.2 Basic Amine Analytes (p. 540)
• 10.3.3 Toxins (p. 541)
• 10.3.4 Vitamins (p. 542)
• 10.3.5 Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Amino Acids, and Peptides (p. 543)
• 10.3.6 Terpenoids, Flavonoids, and Related Analytes (p. 545)
• 10.4 Pharmaceutical Analytes (p. 546)
• 10.5 Summary (p. 547)
• 10.6 Dimethyl Sulfoxide (p. 549)
• References (p. 552)
• Index (p. 607)

Author notes provided by Syndetics