Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

The revolutionary study of how the place where wegrew up shapes the way we think, feel, and act--with new dimensions and perspectives

Based on research conducted in more than seventy countries over a forty-year span, Cultures and Organizations examines what drives people apart--when cooperationis so clearly in everyone's interest. With major new contributions from MichaelMinkov's analysis of data from the World Values Survey, as well as an account ofthe evolution of cultures by Gert Jan Hofstede, this revised and expanded edition:

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

• Preface (p. xi)
• Part I The Concept of Culture
• 1 The Rules of the Social Game (p. 3)
• Different Minds but Common Problems (p. 4)
• Culture as Mental Programming (p. 4)
• Symbols, Heroes, Rituals, and Values (p. 7)
• Culture Reproduces Itself (p. 10)
• No Group Can Escape Culture (p. 11)
• Values and the Moral Circle (p. 12)
• Boundaries of the Moral Circle: Religion and Philosophy (p. 13)
• Beyond Race and Family (p. 14)
• We and They (p. 16)
• Ideologies as Group Markers (p. 17)
• Layers of Culture (p. 17)
• Culture Change: Changing Practices, Stable Values (p. 18)
• National Culture Differences (p. 20)
• National Identities, Values, and Institutions (p. 22)
• What About National Management Cultures? (p. 24)
• Cultural Relativism (p. 25)
• Culture as a Phoenix (p. 26)
• 2 Studying Cultural Differences (p. 27)
• Measuring Values (p. 28)
• Dimensions of National Cultures (p. 29)
• Using Correlations (p. 32)
• Replications of the IBM Research (p. 34)
• Extending the IBM Model: The Chinese Value Survey (p. 37)
• Validation of the Country Culture Scores against Other Measures (p. 38)
• Culture Scores and Personality Scores: No Reason for Stereotyping (p. 39)
• Other Classifications of National Cultures (p. 40)
• A Second Expansion of the Hofstede Dimensional Model: Minkov's Exploration of the World Values Survey (p. 44)
• Cultural Differences According to Region, Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, Generation, and Class (p. 45)
• Organizational Cultures (p. 47)
• Reading Mental Programs: Suggestions for Researchers (p. 47)
• Part II Dimensions of National Cultures
• 3 More Equal than Others (p. 53)
• Inequality in Society (p. 54)
• Measuring the Degree of Inequality in Society: The Power Distance Index (p. 55)
• Power Distance Defined (p. 60)
• Power Distance in Replication Studies (p. 62)
• Power Distance Differences within Countries: Social Class, Education Level, and Occupation (p. 64)
• Measures Associated with Power Distance: The Structure in This and Following Chapters (p. 66)
• Power Distance Difference among Countries: Roots in the Family (p. 67)
• Power Distance at School (p. 69)
• Power Distance and Health Care (p. 71)
• Power Distance in the Workplace (p. 73)
• Power Distance and the State (p. 75)
• Power Distance and Ideas (p. 79)
• Origins of Power Distance Differences (p. 82)
• The Future of Power Distance Differences (p. 86)
• 4 I, We, and They (p. 89)
• The Individual and the Collective in Society (p. 90)
• Measuring the Degree of Individualism in Society (p. 92)
• Individualism and Collectivism in the World Values Survey: Universalism Versus Exclusionism (p. 94)
• Individualism and Collectivism in Other Cross-National Studies (p. 99)
• Are Individualism and Collectivism One or Two Dimensions? (p. 102)
• Collectivism Versus Power Distance (p. 102)
• Individualism and Collectivism According to Occupation (p. 105)
• Individualism and Collectivism in the Family (p. 106)
• Language, Personality, and Behavior in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures (p. 112)
• Individualism and Collectivism at School (p. 117)
• Individualism and Collectivism in the Workplace (p. 119)
• Individualism, Collectivism, and the Internet (p. 123)
• Individualism, Collectivism, and the State (p. 125)
• Individualism, Collectivism, and Ideas (p. 127)
• Origins of Individualism-Collectivism Differences (p. 131)
• The Future of Individualism and Collectivism (p. 133)
• 5 He, She, and(S)he (p. 135)
• Assertiveness Versus Modesty (p. 136)
• Genders and Gender Roles (p. 137)
• Masculinity-Femininity as a Dimension of Societal Culture (p. 138)
• Masculinity and Femininity in Other Cross-National Studies (p. 144)
• Masculinity Versus Individualism (p. 146)
• Are Masculinity and Femininity One or Two Dimensions? (p. 146)
• Country Masculinity Scores by Gender and Gender Scores by Age (p. 148)
• Masculinity and Femininity According to Occupation (p. 150)
• Masculinity and Femininity in the Family (p. 151)
• Masculinity and Femininity in Gender Roles and Sex (p. 154)
• Masculinity and Femininity in Education (p. 158)
• Masculinity and Femininity in Shopping (p. 163)
• Masculinity and Femininity in the Workplace (p. 164)
• Masculinity, Femininity, and the State (p. 170)
• Masculinity, Femininity, and Religion (p. 175)
• Origins of Masculinity-Femininity Differences (p. 180)
• The Future of Differences in Masculinity and Femininity (p. 184)
• 6 What Is Different Is Dangerous (p. 187)
• The Avoidance of Uncertainty (p. 188)
• Measuring the (In)tolerance of Ambiguity in Society: The Uncertainty-Avoidance Index (p. 190)
• Uncertainty Avoidance and Anxiety (p. 195)
• Uncertainty Avoidance Is Not the Same as Risk Avoidance (p. 197)
• Uncertainty Avoidance in Replication Studies: Project GLOBE (p. 198)
• Uncertainty Avoidance According to Occupation, Gender, and Age (p. 199)
• Uncertainty Avoidance in the Family (p. 200)
• Uncertainty Avoidance, Health, and (Un)happiness (p. 202)
• Uncertainty Avoidance at School (p. 205)
• Uncertainty Avoidance in Shopping (p. 206)
• Uncertainty Avoidance in the Workplace (p. 208)
• Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity, and Motivation (p. 213)
• Uncertainty Avoidance, the Citizen, and the State (p. 216)
• Uncertainty Avoidance and Corruption (p. 221)
• Uncertainty Avoidance, Xenophobia, and Nationalism (p. 224)
• Uncertainty Avoidance, Religion, and Ideas (p. 226)
• Origins of Uncertainty-Avoidance Differences (p. 232)
• The Future of Uncertainty-Avoidance Differences (p. 233)
• 7 Yesterday, Now, or Later? (p. 235)
• National Values and the Teachings of Confucius (p. 236)
• Implications of LTO-CVS Differences for Family Life (p. 240)
• Implications of LTO-CVS Differences for Business (p. 242)
• Implications of LTO-CVS Differences for Ways of Thinking (p. 246)
• Long-Term Orientation Scores Based on World Values Survey Data (p. 252)
• Long-Term Orientation and the GLOBE Dimensions (p. 259)
• Long- and Short-Term Orientation, Family Relations, and School Results (p. 260)
• Long- and Short-Term Orientation and Economic Growth (p. 262)
• Economic Growth and Politics (p. 267)
• Fundamentalisms as Short-Term Orientation (p. 269)
• Short-Term Orientation in Africa (p. 271)
• The Future of Long- and Short-Term Orientation (p. 274)
• 8 Light or Dark? (p. 277)
• The Nature of Subjective Well-Being (p. 278)
• Subjective Well-Being and the World Values Survey (p. 279)
• Indulgence Versus Restraint as a Societal Dimension (p. 280)
• Indulgence Versus Restraint and Subjective Well-Being in Other Cross-National Studies (p. 288)
• Indulgence Versus Restraint, Subjective Health, Optimism, and Birthrates (p. 289)
• Indulgence Versus Restraint, Importance of Friends, and Consumer Attitudes (p. 290)
• Indulgence Versus Restraint and Sexual Relationships (p. 293)
• Indulgence Versus Restraint in the Workplace (p. 294)
• Indulgence Versus Restraint and the State (p. 295)
• Origins of Societal Differences in Indulgence Versus Restraint (p. 296)
• Part III Cultures in Organizations
• 9 Pyramids, Machines, Markets, and Families: Organizing Across Nations (p. 301)
• Implicit Models of Organizations (p. 302)
• Management Professors Are Human (p. 307)
• Culture and Organizational Structure: Elaborating on Mintzberg (p. 312)
• Planning, Control, and Accounting (p. 315)
• Corporate Governance and Business Goals (p. 320)
• Motivation Theories and Practices (p. 327)
• Leadership, Decision Making, and Empowerment (p. 331)
• Performance Appraisal and Management by Objectives (p. 334)
• Management Training and Organization Development (p. 336)
• Conclusion: Nationality Defines Organizational Rationality (p. 337)
• 10 The Elephant and the Stork: Organizational Cultures (p. 341)
• The Organizational Culture Craze (p. 343)
• Differences between Organizational and National Cultures: The IRIC Project (p. 346)
• Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the IRIC Project (p. 349)
• Results of the In-Depth Interviews: The SAS Case (p. 351)
• Results of the Survey: Six Dimensions of Organizational Cultures (p. 353)
• The Scope for Competitive Advantages in Cultural Matters (p. 358)
• Organizational Culture and Other Organizational Characteristics (p. 360)
• Organizational Subcultures (p. 364)
• Individual Perceptions of Organizational Cultures (p. 366)
• Gardens, Bouquets, and Flowers of Social Science (p. 368)
• Occupational Cultures (p. 368)
• Conclusions from the IRIC Research Project: Dimensions Versus Gestalts (p. 370)
• Managing (with) Organizational Culture (p. 371)
• Part IV Implications
• 11 Intercultural Encounters (p. 381)
• Intended Versus Unintended Intercultural Conflict (p. 382)
• Culture Shock and Acculturation (p. 384)
• Ethnocentrism and Xenophilia (p. 387)
• Group Encounters: Auto- and Heterostereotypes (p. 387)
• Language and Humor (p. 388)
• The Influence of Communication Technologies (p. 391)
• Intercultural Encounters in Tourism (p. 392)
• Intercultural Encounters in Schools (p. 393)
• Minorities, Migrants, and Refugees (p. 395)
• Intercultural Negotiations (p. 399)
• Multinational Business Organizations (p. 402)
• Coordinating Multinationals: Structure Should Follow Culture (p. 406)
• Expanding Multinationals: International Mergers and Other Ventures (p. 407)
• International Marketing, Advertising, and Consumer Behavior (p. 409)
• International Politics and International Organizations (p. 412)
• Economic Development, Nondevelopment, and Development Cooperation (p. 416)
• Learning Intercultural Communication (p. 419)
• Educating for Intercultural Understanding: Suggestions for Parents (p. 423)
• Spreading Multicultural Understanding: The Role of the Media (p. 425)
• Global Challenges Call for Intercultural Cooperation (p. 426)
• 12 The Evolution of Cultures (p. 431)
• A Time-Machine Journey Through History (p. 433)
• Five Million to One Million Years Ago: Lonely Planet (p. 434)
• One Million to Forty Thousand Years Ago: Ice and Fire (p. 436)
• Forty Thousand to Ten Thousand Years Ago: Creative Spark, Extermination (p. 438)
• Twelve Thousand to Seven Thousand Five Hundred Years Ago: Villages and Agriculture (p. 442)
• Seven Thousand Five Hundred Years Ago Until Now: Large-Scale Civilizations (p. 447)
• Sources of Cultural Diversity and Change (p. 453)
• The End of History? No! (p. 455)
• The Essence of Evolution (p. 456)
• Evolution: More than Genes (p. 459)
• Evolution Beyond Selfishness: Groups over Individuals (p. 464)
• Individuals and Institutions in the Stream of Life (p. 466)
• Evolution at Work Today (p. 468)
• The Future of Culture (p. 473)
• Notes (p. 479)
• Glossary (p. 515)
• Bibliography (p. 525)
• Name Index (p. 547)
• Subject Index (p. 549)

Author notes provided by Syndetics