Energy audit of building systems : an engineering approach / Moncef Krarti.

By: Krarti, Moncef .

Material type: materialTypeLabel

BookSeries: Mechanical engineering series (Boca Raton, Fla.): Publisher: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2000Description: xix, 489 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. + hbk.ISBN: 0849395879; 9780849395871.Subject(s): Buildings -- Energy conservation

| Energy auditing

DDC classification: 696

Contents:

Introduction to energy audit -- Energy sources and utility rate structures -- Economic analysis -- Energy analysis tools -- Electrical systems -- Building envelope -- Secondary HVAC systems retrofit -- Central heating systems -- Cooling equipment -- Energy management control systems -- Compressed air systems -- Thermal energy storage systems -- Cogeneration systems -- Heat recovery systems -- Water management -- Methods for estimating energy savings.

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Enhanced descriptions from Syndetics:

Increasing awareness of energy use-and waste-places additional onus on building managers, operators, and engineers, already bearing considerable responsibility for operating cost containment. Fortunately, research, technological developments, and practical experience provide a number of procedures and techniques that can make a significant impact on a building's energy use and expense.

Energy Audit of Building Systems offers a systematic, engineering approach to a wide range of measures and opportunities for saving energy and reducing operating costs in both residential and commercial buildings. The author first provides general tools and procedures for performing building energy audits, including economic analysis, utility rate structures, and building energy simulation. His focus then turns to various subsystems, exploring the techniques and technologies that can reduce energy use or operating costs. Each chapter includes simplified calculation methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of various efficiency measures.

Other books on energy efficiency and management are either out of date or offer only qualitative descriptions of energy conservation measures. Energy Audit of Building Systems incorporates the latest energy efficiency technologies, precise calculation procedures, and virtual step-by-step guidelines on evaluating, analyzing, and improving upon energy efficiency in buildings. of various efficiency measures.

Other books on energy efficiency and management are either out of date or offer only qualitative descriptions of energy conservation measures. Energy Audit of Building Systems incorporates the latest energy efficiency technologies, precise calculation procedures, and virtual step-by-step guidelines on evaluating, analyzing, and improving upon energy efficiency in buildings.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 421-435) and index.

Table of contents provided by Syndetics

1 Introduction to Energy Audit
Abstract (p. 1)
1.1 Introduction (p. 1)
1.2 Types of Energy Audits (p. 2)
1.2.1 Walk-Through Audit (p. 2)
1.2.2 Utility Cost Analysis (p. 2)
1.2.3 Standard Energy Audit (p. 3)
1.2.4 Detailed Energy Audit (p. 4)
1.3 General Procedure for a Detailed Energy Audit (p. 4)
1.4 Common Energy Conservation Measures (p. 9)
1.4.1 Building Envelope (p. 9)
1.4.2 Electrical Systems (p. 10)
1.4.3 HVAC Systems (p. 11)
1.4.4 Compressed Air Systems (p. 12)
1.4.5 Energy Management Controls (p. 12)
1.4.6 Indoor Water Management (p. 13)
1.4.7 New Technologies (p. 14)
1.5 Case Study (p. 15)
1.6 Verification Methods of Energy Savings (p. 24)
1.7 Summary (p. 26)
2 Energy Sources and Utility Rate Structures
Abstract (p. 27)
2.1 Introduction (p. 27)
2.2 Energy Resources (p. 28)
2.2.1 Electricity (p. 29)
2.2.2 Natural Gas (p. 33)
2.2.3 Petroleum Products (p. 34)
2.2.4 Coal (p. 35)
2.3 Electricity Rates (p. 36)
2.3.1 Common Features of Utility Rates (p. 37)
2.3.2 Block Pricing Rates (p. 44)
2.3.3 Seasonal Pricing Rates (p. 45)
2.3.4 Innovative Rates (p. 47)
2.3.5 Real Time Pricing Rates (p. 50)
2.4 Natural Gas Rates (p. 59)
2.5 Utility Rates for Other Energy Sources (p. 61)
2.6 Summary (p. 61)
3 Economic Analysis
Abstract (p. 65)
3.1 Introduction (p. 65)
3.2 Basic Concepts (p. 66)
3.2.1 Interest Rate (p. 66)
3.2.2 Inflation Rate (p. 69)
3.2.3 Tax Rate (p. 70)
3.2.4 Cash Flows (p. 71)
3.3 Compounding Factors (p. 73)
3.3.1 Single Payment (p. 73)
3.3.2 Uniform-Series Payment (p. 74)
3.4 Economic Evaluation Methods Among Alternatives (p. 76)
3.4.1 Net Present Worth (p. 76)
3.4.2 Rate of Return (p. 77)
3.4.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (p. 77)
3.4.4 Payback Period (p. 78)
3.4.5 Summary of Economic Analysis Methods (p. 79)
3.5 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Method (p. 81)
3.6 General Procedure for an Economic Evaluation (p. 83)
3.7 Financing Options (p. 85)
3.7.1 Direct Purchasing (p. 85)
3.7.2 Leasing (p. 86)
3.7.3 Performance Contracting (p. 86)
3.8 Summary (p. 87)
Problems (p. 88)
4 Energy Analysis Tools
Abstract (p. 91)
4.1 Introduction (p. 91)
4.2 Ratio-Based Methods (p. 93)
4.2.1 Introduction (p. 93)
4.2.2 Types of Ratios (p. 94)
4.2.3 Examples of Energy Ratios (p. 95)
4.3 Inverse Modeling-Methods (p. 97)
4.3.1 Steady-State Inverse Models (p. 97)
4.3.2 PRISM Method (p. 101)
4.3.3 Dynamic Models (p. 102)
4.4 Forward Modeling Methods (p. 102)
4.4.1 Steady-State Methods (p. 103)
4.4.2 Degree Day Methods (p. 103)
4.4.3 Bin Methods (p. 104)
4.4.4 Dynamic Methods (p. 106)
4.5 Summary (p. 109)
5 Electrical Systems
Abstract (p. 111)
5.1 Introduction (p. 111)
5.2 Review of Basics (p. 112)
5.2.1 Alternating Current Systems (p. 112)
5.2.2 Power Factor Improvement (p. 116)
5.3 Electrical Motors (p. 118)
5.3.1 Introduction (p. 118)
5.3.2 Overview of Electrical Motors (p. 119)
5.3.3 Energy-efficient Motors (p. 121)
5.4 Lighting Systems (p. 126)
5.4.1 Introduction (p. 126)
5.4.2 Energy-Efficient Lighting Systems (p. 128)
5.4.3 Lighting Controls (p. 131)
5.5 Electrical Appliances (p. 134)
5.5.1 Office Equipment (p. 134)
5.5.1 Residential Appliances (p. 135)
5.6 Electrical Distribution Systems (p. 140)
5.6.1 Introduction (p. 140)
5.6.2 Transformers (p. 141)
5.6.3 Electrical Wires (p. 144)
5.7 Power Quality (p. 149)
5.7.1 Introduction (p. 149)
5.7.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (p. 150)
5.8 Summary (p. 153)
Problems (p. 153)
6 Building Envelope
Abstract (p. 157)
6.1 Introduction (p. 157)
6.2 Basic Heat Transfer Concepts (p. 158)
6.2.1 Heat Transfer from Walls and Roofs (p. 158)
6.2.2 Infiltration Heat Loss/Gain (p. 160)
6.2.3 Variable Base Degree Days Method (p. 167)
6.3 Simplified Calculation Tools for Building Envelope Audit (p. 169)
6.3.1 Estimation of the Energy use Savings (p. 170)
6.3.2 Estimation of the BLC for the building (p. 170)
6.3.3 Estimation of the Degree Days (p. 172)
6.3.4 Foundation Heat Transfer Calculations (p. 175)
6.3.5 Simplified Calculation Method for Building Foundation Heat Loss/Gain (p. 176)
6.4 Selected Retrofits for Building Envelope (p. 186)
6.4.1 Insulation of Poorly Insulated Building Envelope Components (p. 186)
6.4.2 Window Improvements (p. 187)
6.4.3 Reduction of Air Infiltration (p. 189)
6.5 Summary (p. 191)
Problems (p. 192)
7 Secondary HVAC Systems Retrofit
Abstract (p. 195)
7.1 Introduction (p. 195)
7.2 Types of Secondary HVAC Systems (p. 195)
7.3 Ventilation (p. 198)
7.3.1 Reduced Ventilation Air (p. 199)
7.3.2 Air-Side Economizers (p. 204)
7.4 Ventilation of Parking Garages (p. 205)
7.4.1 Existing Codes and Standards (p. 206)
7.4.2 General Methodology for Estimating the Ventilation Requirements for Parking Garages (p. 208)
7.5 Indoor Temperature Controls (p. 213)
7.6 Upgrade of Fan Systems (p. 214)
7.6.1 Introduction (p. 214)
7.6.2 Basic Principles of Fan Operation (p. 214)
7.6.3 Size Adjustment (p. 220)
7.7 Common HVAC Retrofit Measures (p. 221)
7.7.1 Reduction of Outdoor Air Volume (p. 221)
7.7.2 Reset Hot or Cold Deck Temperatures (p. 223)
7.7.3 CV to VAV System Retrofit (p. 224)
7.8 Summary (p. 226)
Problems (p. 226)
8 Central Heating Systems
Abstract (p. 229)
8.1 Introduction (p. 229)
8.2 Basic Combustion Principles (p. 230)
8.2.1 Fuel Types (p. 230)
8.2.2 Boiler Configurations and Components (p. 232)
8.2.3 Boiler Thermal Efficiency (p. 236)
8.3 Boiler Efficiency Improvements (p. 240)
8.3.1 Existing Boiler Tune-up (p. 240)
8.3.2 High Efficiency Boilers (p. 242)
8.3.3 Modular Boilers (p. 242)
8.4 Summary (p. 243)
Problems (p. 244)
9 Cooling Equipment
Abstract (p. 247)
9.1 Introduction (p. 247)
9.2 Basic Cooling Principles (p. 248)
9.3 Types of Cooling Systems (p. 251)
9.3.1 Unitary AC Systems (p. 252)
9.3.2 Packaged AC Units (p. 252)
9.3.3 Heat Pumps (p. 252)
9.3.4 Central Chillers (p. 253)
9.4 Market Analysis and Energy Efficiency of Cooling Systems (p. 254)
9.4.1 Unitary Products (p. 255)
9.4.2 Chillers (p. 257)
9.5 Energy Conservation Measures (p. 259)
9.5.1 Chiller Replacement (p. 260)
9.5.2 Chiller Control Improvement (p. 262)
9.5.3 Alternative Cooling Systems (p. 265)
9.6 Summary (p. 266)
Problems (p. 266)
10 Energy Management Control Systems
Abstract (p. 269)
10.1 Introduction (p. 269)
10.2 Basic Control Principles (p. 270)
10.2.1 Control Modes (p. 270)
10.2.2 Intelligent Control Systems (p. 277)
10.2.3 Types of Control Systems (p. 278)
10.3 Energy Management Systems (p. 279)
10.3.1 Basic Components of an EMCS (p. 279)
10.3.2 Typical Functions of EMCS (p. 281)
10.3.3 Design Considerations of an EMCS (p. 282)
10.3.4 Communication Protocols (p. 283)
10.4 Control Applications (p. 284)
10.4.1 Duty Cycling Controls (p. 286)
10.4.2 Outdoor Air Intake Controls (p. 288)
10.4.3 Optimum Start Controls (p. 297)
10.4.4 Cooling/Heating Central Plant Optimization (p. 300)
10.5 Summary (p. 302)
Problems (p. 302)
11 Compressed air Systems
Abstract (p. 305)
11.1 Introduction (p. 305)
11.2 Review of Basic Concepts (p. 306)
11.2.1 Production of Compressed Air (p. 306)
11.2.2 Distribution of Compressed Air (p. 313)
11.2.3 Utilization of Compressed Air (p. 316)
11.3 Common Energy Conservation Measures for Compressed Air Systems (p. 317)
11.3.1 Reduction of Inlet Air Temperature (p. 318)
11.3.2 Reduction of Discharge Pressure (p. 319)
11.3.3 Repair of Air Leaks (p. 320)
11.3.4 Other Energy Conservation Measures (p. 322)
11.4 Summary (p. 322)
Problems (p. 323)
12 Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Abstract (p. 325)
12.1 Introduction (p. 325)
12.2 Types of TES Systems (p. 326)
12.3 Principles of TES Systems (p. 329)
12.4 Charging/Discharging of TES Systems (p. 331)
12.5 TES Control Strategies (p. 337)
12.5.1 Full Storage (p. 337)
12.5.2 Partial Storage (p. 337)
12.5.3 Utility Rates (p. 339)
12.6 Measures for Reducing Operating Costs (p. 341)
12.6.1 Simplified Feasibility Analysis of TES System (p. 341)
12.6.2 TES Control Improvement (p. 344)
12.7 Summary (p. 347)
Problems (p. 347)
13 Cogeneration Systems
Abstract (p. 349)
13.1 Introduction (p. 349)
13.2 Types of Cogeneration Systems (p. 350)
13.2.1 Conventional Cogeneration Systems (p. 350)
13.2.2 Packaged Cogeneration Systems (p. 353)
13.2.3 Distributed Generation Technologies (p. 353)
13.3 Evaluation of Cogeneration Systems (p. 355)
13.3.1 Efficiency of Cogeneration Systems (p. 355)
13.3.2 Simplified Feasibility Analysis of Cogeneration Systems (p. 358)
13.3.3 Financial Options (p. 363)
13.4 Summary (p. 364)
Problems (p. 365)
14 Heat Recovery Systems
Abstract (p. 367)
14.1 Introduction (p. 367)
14.2 Types of Heat Recovery Systems (p. 368)
14.3 Performance of Heat Recovery Systems (p. 372)
14.4 Simplified Analysis Methods (p. 374)
14.5 Summary (p. 381)
Problems (p. 382)
15 Water Management
Abstract (p. 383)
15.1 Introduction (p. 383)
15.2 Indoor Water Management (p. 385)
15.2.1 Water-Efficient Plumbing Fixtures (p. 385)
15.2.2 Domestic Hot Water Usage (p. 390)
15.3 Outdoor Water Management (p. 392)
15.3.1 Irrigation and Landscaping (p. 393)
15.3.2 Waste Water Reuse (p. 396)
15.4 Summary (p. 397)
Problems (p. 397)
16 Methods for Estimating Energy Savings
Abstract (p. 399)
16.1 Introduction (p. 399)
16.2 General Procedure (p. 401)
16.3 Energy Savings Estimation Models (p. 403)
16.3.1 Simplified Engineering Methods (p. 403)
16.3.2 Regression Analysis Models (p. 406)
16.3.3 Dynamic Models (p. 411)
16.3.4 Computer Simulation Models (p. 415)
16.4 Applications (p. 418)
16.5 Summary (p. 419)
References (p. 421)
Appendix A. Conversion Factors (p. 437)
Appendix B. Weather Data (p. 441)
Index (p. 473)

Author notes provided by Syndetics

Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., P.E., is currently associate Professor in the Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He received engineering diplomas from prestigious French schools: Ecole Polytechnique and Ecole National des Ponts et Chaussees. He also received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from the Univeeersity of Colorado. He is involved in several research projects related to building energy efficiency. He has published over 100 technical articles and manuscripts related to building energy systems. He is an active member of the American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE). In the last decade, Dr. Krarti has been consulting engineer in the design and analysis of energy efficient buildings in the US and abroad. In Particular, he has conducted hundreds of building energy audits as well as over a dozen energy management workshops throughout the world. In 1999, Dr Krarti was a visiting professor at the Centre Energetique of the Ecole National des Mines de Paris, France, where he wrote a significant part of this book